nkhani

Ulusi wa kaboniYatchuka kwambiri. Boeing 787 ndi yopangidwa ndi zinthu zambiri pafupifupi 50%. Ma monocoque a Formula 1 apangidwa kuchokera ku ndegeyi kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1980. Miyendo yopangira, kapangidwe ka satellite, masamba a wind turbine, mafelemu apamwamba a njinga - zinthuzo zimaonekera kulikonse komwe mainjiniya amafunika kunyamula katundu popanda kunyamula katundu.

Panthawi ina, mbiri imeneyo inasanduka lingaliro lakuti: kutiulusi wa kabonindi zinthu zabwino kwambiri zomwe zilipo, zonse sizili choncho. Sizili choncho. Zipangizo zingapo zimaposa magwiridwe ake m'njira zinazake, zoyezeka - ndipo kudziwa zomwe, ndi chifukwa chake, ndizothandiza kwambiri kuposa kugwiritsa ntchito ulusi wa kaboni ngati denga.

Apa ndi pomwe zimagonjetsedwa, ndi zomwe zikutanthauza pochita.

Kodi "Wamphamvu" Amatanthauza Chiyani — Ndipo Chifukwa Chake Amasintha Zonse?

Mawuwa amagwira ntchito zambiri mu uinjiniya wa zinthu, ndipoulusi wa kaboniKulamulira kumadalira kwambiri tanthauzo lomwe mukugwiritsa ntchito.

Ubwino weniweni wa ulusi wa kaboni ndimphamvu yeniyeni ndi kuuma kwapadera — chiŵerengero cha magwiridwe antchito a makina ndi kulemera. Poyerekeza ndi zitsulo zambiri zomangira, imapambana mpikisano umenewo mosalekeza, ndichifukwa chake ndege ndi masewera a magalimoto adagwiritsa ntchito mwamphamvu monga momwe adachitira. Chitsulo chili champhamvu kwambiri. Ulusi wa kaboni ndi wamphamvu pa kilogalamu, womwe ndi chiwerengero chofunikira pamene gramu iliyonse imagwiritsa ntchito mafuta kapena nthawi yoyenda.

Koma magwiridwe antchito a kapangidwe kake si nambala imodzi. Ndi osachepera asanu:

● Mphamvu yokoka — kukana kuchotsedwa

● Mphamvu yokakamiza — kukana kuphwanyidwa (kufooka kwa ulusi wa kaboni)

● Kuuma / modulus yotanuka — kukana kusintha kwa elasticity pansi pa katundu

● Kulimba — mphamvu zomwe zimalowa musanayambe kusweka, sizingasokonezedwe ndi mphamvu

● Kukhazikika kwa kutentha — ngati zinthu zimenezo zimasunga kutentha kwambiri

Ulusi wa kaboniNdi yabwino kwambiri pa zitatu zoyambirira pa kulemera kulikonse. Ndi yofooka kwambiri pa kulimba kwake — imasweka popanda chenjezo m'malo mosintha mawonekedwe — ndipo imayamba kuwonongeka pamwamba pa 400°C mumlengalenga kutengera matrix. Mipata iwiriyi ndi pomwe chilichonse chomwe chili pamndandandawu chimapeza poyambira.

1. Graphene — Yolimba kwambiri papepala, Yovuta kuchita

Graphene imasindikizidwa kwambiri, ndipo manambalawo amatsimikizira chidwi. Popeza ndi pepala la kaboni lokhuthala ngati atomu imodzi mu latisi ya hexagonal, mphamvu yake yolimba imathamanga pafupifupi nthawi 200 kuposa ya chitsulo chomangira polemera. Modulus yake yotanuka imaposa ulusi wa kaboni. Pazigawo ziwirizi, palibe chomwe chilipo chomwe chimayandikira.

Nanga bwanji ndege sizimapangidwa kuchokera pamenepo?

Vuto ndi kupanga zinthu zonse. Kapangidwe ka Graphene kalipo pamlingo wa mamolekyulu, ndipo kamadalira ungwiro wa kapangidwe kake. Mukangoyesa kupanga chinthu pamlingo wa anthu - chilichonse chomwe mungakhale nacho - mumayambitsa malire a tirigu, zolakwika, ndi kusagwirizana komwe kumawononga manambala amenewo mwachangu. Pepala la graphene lopanda zolakwika lomwe lili ndi mainchesi ochepa likadali vuto laukadaulo losathetsedwa pamlingo wamalonda mu 2025, osatchulanso gulu la zomangamanga.

Pamene graphene ikupeza mphamvu yeniyeni yogwirira ntchito ndi chinthu chowonjezera. Kuphatikiza ma graphene flakes kapena graphene oxide mu makina a carbon fiber resin kumawonjezera mphamvu yochepetsera kutentha, kuyendetsa bwino kutentha, komanso m'njira zina, magwiridwe antchito amagetsi.zosakaniza za ulusi wa kaboni bwino kwambiri. Sizilowa m'malo mwa iwo.

Chigamulo:Graphene ndi yamphamvu kwambiri kuposa ulusi wa kaboni pa nanoscale. Pa uinjiniya, ndi yowonjezera - yofunika kwambiri, koma siilowa m'malo mwa ulusi womangira womwewo. Komabe.

2. Ma Nanotubes a Carbon — Mpikisano Wapafupi Kwambiri wa Chiphunzitso

Manambala omwe ali papepala ndi ovuta kutsutsana nawo. Ma carbon nanotubes ali ndi mphamvu yokoka komanso kulimba komwe kumaposa ulusi wabwino kwambiri wa carbon-modulus ndi malire akuluakulu kotero kuti, ngati mungapange zigawo za kapangidwe kake kuchokera pamenepo pamlingo waukulu, makampani opanga ndege ndi magalimoto angawoneke mosiyana.

“Ngati” imeneyo yakhalapo kwa zaka pafupifupi makumi atatu.

Vuto lalikulu si kumvetsetsa zinthuzo — ofufuza akudziwa bwino chifukwa chake ma CNT amagwira ntchito momwe amachitira, ndipo fizikisi ndi yolimba. Vuto ndilakuti chubu cha kaboni, mwa tanthauzo lake, ndi chinthu chofanana ndi nanometer. Kupangitsa mabiliyoni ambiri kuti agwirizane mbali imodzi, kugwirizana bwino, ndikupanga ulusi wopitilira popanda zolakwika zomwe zimawononga malingaliro amenewo ndi vuto lopanga lomwe lakana kuyesera kulikonse kwakukulu kwa yankho la mafakitale. Ulusi wa CNT ulipo m'malo oyesera. Ena alemba ziwerengero zodabwitsa mu mayeso olamulidwa. Palibe amene wakhala akuchita bwino kuposa ulusi wa kaboni wapamwamba kwambiri m'malo onse okhala ndi zinthu pansi pa mikhalidwe yomwe ikuwonetsa ntchito zenizeni za kapangidwe kake.

Chomwe CNTs imachita bwino pakali pano ndi ntchito ngati chowonjezera — kuwabalalitsa kudzera mu resin matrix ya carbon fiber prepreg kumawonjezera mphamvu ya interlaminar shear, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale njira imodzi yolephera kwambiri mu carbon fiber composites. Imeneyo ndi thandizo lenileni komanso lothandiza pamalonda. Sizimene aliyense ankaganiza pamene kafukufuku wa CNT anayamba kupanga mitu yankhani m'ma 1990.

Ngodya yoyendetsera magetsi ndi njira ina yogwiritsira ntchito: Ma CNT amatha kupanga zinthu zophatikizika kukhala zoyendetsera popanda kuwononga ndalama za meshes zachitsulo zoyikidwa, zomwe ndizofunikira pachitetezo cha mphezi m'ndege ndi chitetezo cha maginito m'malo osungira magetsi.

Chigamulo:Ma CNT si chinthu champhamvu kuposa ulusi wa kaboni chomwe mungatchule lero. Ndi chowonjezera cha ulusi wa kaboni chomwe chili ndi mawonekedwe apadera koma sichinapeze njira yochiwonetsera pamlingo waukadaulo. Kaya kusintha kumeneku m'zaka khumi zikubwerazi kumadalira kwambiri sayansi ya zinthu koma pa chitukuko cha njira zopangira.

3. Ma Boron Nitride Nanotubes — Kumene Kutentha Ndi Mdani

Ngati graphene ndi CNTs ndi otsutsana ndi kapangidwe ka carbon fiber pamapepala, ma boron nitride nanotubes amathetsa kufooka kosiyana: zomwe zimachitika katundu akabwera ndi kutentha komwe kumalumikizidwa.

Ma BNNT amafanana ndi ma CNT — tubular, nanoscale — koma amapangidwa kuchokera ku maatomu a boron ndi nayitrogeni osinthika osati kaboni. Mphamvu yawo yokoka ndi kuuma kwawo ndizofanana. Chosiyanitsa chachikulu ndi kukhazikika kwa kutentha: Ma BNNT amakhalabe osasinthika mumlengalenga mpaka pafupifupi 900°C. Ma nanotubes a kaboni amasungunuka ndikuyamba kuwonongeka pafupifupi 400°C. Ma composites wamba a kaboni, kutengera matrix a resin, amayamba kutaya umphumphu wa kapangidwe kake pakati pa 120°C ndi 250°C pansi pa katundu wokhazikika.

Pa magalimoto othamanga kwambiri, zotchingira kutentha zomwe zimalowanso, ndi zida za injini ya ndege ya m'badwo wotsatira, kusiyana kwa kutentha kumeneko sikofunikira kwenikweni - ndi vuto lonse la kapangidwe kake. Chipangizo chomwe chimataya mphamvu yake pa 200°C sichiyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa chipangizo chomwe chimafika pa 800°C, mosasamala kanthu kuti kuchuluka kwa kutentha kwa chipinda chake kuli bwino bwanji. Ma BNNT akupangidwa mwachangu kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito bwino pa izi, ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri amapangidwa asanapangidwe.

Chigamulo:Mu ntchito iliyonse yomwe mphamvu ya kapangidwe ndi kutentha kwakukulu zimayendera limodzi, ma BNNT amapereka mphamvu yomwe ulusi wa kaboni — ndi zipangizo zamakono kwambiri — sizingagwirizane nayo. Cholepheretsa ndi kupezeka, osati magwiridwe antchito.

4. Ulusi wa Silicon Carbide — Yankho Lotentha Kwambiri Limene Likuuluka Kale

Ngakhale kuti ma BNNT akadali opangidwa kwambiri, ulusi wa silicon carbide wopitilira ulipo kale m'malo omwe ulusi wa carbon ungalephereke konse.

Ulusi wa SiC umasunga kapangidwe kake pamalo otentha kwambiri kuposa 1,000°C, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zogwiritsidwa ntchito pazigawo zotentha za injini ya jet, zigawo za turbine, ndi zosinthira kutentha kwa ndege - ntchito zomwe ulusi wa carbon suli m'makambirano. Zimathandizanso kuthana ndi vuto la mphamvu yokakamiza ya ulusi wa carbon: chimodzi mwa zofooka zomwe sizikambidwa kwambiri za ulusi wa carbon ndichakuti mphamvu yake yokakamiza ili pansi kwambiri pa mphamvu yake yokakamiza, chifukwa cha momwe ulusi uliwonse umayankhira ku microbuckling pansi pa kupsinjika kwa axial. Ulusi wa SiC ulibe kusiyana kofananako.

Zoletsa zenizeni ndi mtengo ndi kuthekera kokonza. Zopangidwa ndi ulusi wa SiC zimafuna makina a ceramic matrix m'malo mwa ma polymer omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ulusi wa carbon, zomwe zikutanthauza zida zosiyanasiyana, kutentha kosiyanasiyana kokonza, komanso mtengo wokwera pa gawo lililonse. Zimakhala ndi malo ochepa ogwiritsira ntchito pazifukwa zimenezo.

Chigamulo:Kuti kapangidwe kake kakhale kolimba kwambiri pa kutentha kwambiri komanso kuwononga, ulusi wa SiC umagwira ntchito bwino kuposa ulusi wa kaboni m'njira zomwe sizili pafupi. Pamene kutentha kumaletsa ulusi wa kaboni kutuluka, ulusi wa SiC nthawi zambiri ndi yankho laukadaulo - ndipo mosiyana ndi zinthu zambiri pamndandandawu, ndi yankho lomwe lilipo kale muzipangizo zopangira.

5. Ulusi wa UHMWPE (Dyneema, Spectra) — Pamene Kulimba Kugonjetsa Kuuma

Ulusi wa kaboni Sichilephera bwino. Chikachoka, chimachoka nthawi imodzi — kusweka mwadzidzidzi, palibe chenjezo, palibe kusintha komwe kungakupangitseni kuti mugwe. Kufooka kumeneko ndi kusintha komwe mumavomereza chifukwa cha kuuma kwake kodabwitsa komanso mphamvu zake zapadera, ndipo m'mapangidwe a ndege kapena magalimoto othamanga, ndi kusintha komwe kumamveka bwino paukadaulo.

Dyneema ndi Spectra amagwira ntchito pa fizikisi yosiyana kwambiri. Zonsezi ndi ulusi wa UHMWPE — Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene — ndipo chomwe amachita bwino kwambiri ndi kuyamwa mphamvu m'malo molimbana ndi kusintha kwa zinthu. Kuyamwa kwawo mphamvu pa kulemera kwa unit kuli pakati pa ulusi wapamwamba kwambiri wa kapangidwe kake. Panel yopangidwa ndi Dyneema siisweka pamene china chake chikugunda mwamphamvu; imatambasula, imagawa katundu, ndikuchotsa kukhudza kulikonse pazinthuzo. Khalidwe limenelo ndi lomwe mukufuna pamene vuto la kapangidwe kake ndi kuletsa chipolopolo kapena tsamba m'malo mogwira phiko.

Palinso zinthu zina zofunika kuziganizira: Ulusi wa UHMWPE umayandama m'madzi, zomwe ndizofunikira pa zingwe zam'madzi ndi zingwe zomangira za m'mphepete mwa nyanja komwe kulemera kwake kumawonjezeka pa makilomita ambiri a chingwe. Zimapirira bwino kupsinjika ndi kukhudzidwa ndi mankhwala ambiri. Ndipo mosiyana ndi izi, ulusi wa UHMWPE umayandama m'madzi, zomwe ndizofunikira pa zingwe zam'madzi ndi zingwe zomangira za m'mphepete mwa nyanja komwe kulemera kwake kumawonjezeka pa kilomita imodzi. Zimatha kupirira kupsinjika ndi kukhudzidwa ndi mankhwala ambiri.zosakaniza za ulusi wa kaboni, ndi osinthasintha mokwanira kuti azilukidwa mwachindunji m'magolovesi osadulidwa, zida zodzitetezera ku thupi, ndi nsalu zoteteza — palibe nkhungu, palibe autoclave, kapena resin.

Kusiyana kwa kuuma kwake ndi kwenikweni. Modulus yolimba ya UHMWPE ndi yotsika kwambiri kuposa ya ulusi wa kaboni, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti isagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga zinthu pomwe kupotoka pansi pa katundu ndiye choletsa chachikulu. Palibe amene akumanga ma spars a ndege kuchokera ku Dyneema.

Koma funsani funso mosiyana - ndi chiyani chomwe chili champhamvu kuposa ulusi wa kaboni pamene katunduyo ndi wa kinetic, osati wosasunthika? - ndipo UHMWPE imapambana pa muyeso womwe umalamulira kapangidwe kake. Ndi malo osiyana a magwiridwe antchito, osati ochepa.

Chigamulo:Pakulimba ndi kukana kugunda, ulusi wa UHMWPE umagwira ntchito bwino kuposa ulusi wa kaboni m'njira zoyezeka komanso zogwiritsidwa ntchito. Chipangizo chopepuka kwambiri choteteza ballistic sicholimba kwambiri — ndi chomwe chimatenga mphamvu zambiri chisanathe.

6. Zitsulo Zophatikizana — Kulumikiza Zitsulo ndi Zitsulo Zophatikizana

Pali vuto la uinjiniya lomwezosakaniza za ulusi wa kaboniZitsulo zoyera sizigwira bwino ntchito ndipo zimakhala zodula kwambiri, ndipo ma MMC alipo chifukwa cha izi.

Tengani bulaketi ya satellite yomwe imafunika kukhala yopepuka, yokhazikika bwino pa kutentha kwa 300°C mumlengalenga, yoyendetsa magetsi kuti igwe pansi, komanso yolimba mokwanira kuti isagwedezeke pansi pa kugwedezeka. Gawo la ulusi wa kaboni wa polymer-matrix limaphimba mwina ziwiri mwa zofunikirazo. Aluminium MMC - chitsulo cholimbikitsidwa ndi tinthu ta silicon carbide - imatha kuphimba zonse zinayi. Sichipambana mpikisano wolemera motsutsana ndiCFRPKuuma kwake kwapadera kumawonjezeka bwino poyerekeza ndi aluminiyamu yosalimbikitsidwa, ndipo sikufuna njira zothetsera mavuto pa kutentha ndi magetsi zomwe ma polymer composites amakumana nazo.

Ma rotor a mabuleki a magalimoto ndi chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri. Ntchito yake ndi kuyamwa ndi kutulutsa kutentha kwakukulu pogwiritsa ntchito mabuleki olemera mobwerezabwereza pamene akuletsa kuwonongeka ndi kusunga umphumphu wa mawonekedwe. Ma composites a carbon fiber amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ntchitoyi pamwamba pa masewera a motorsport, koma amafunika kutentha kogwira ntchito kuti akhale mkati mwa mzere wopapatiza ndipo ndi okwera mtengo kuwasintha. Ma MMC a aluminiyamu olimbikitsidwa ndi silicon carbide amatha kupirira kutentha kwakukulu, amalekerera kugwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika kwambiri, komanso amawononga ndalama zochepa pa nthawi iliyonse yogwirira ntchito pamsewu pomwe nthawi zina zosinthira ziyenera kukhala zothandiza.

Mphamvu yokakamiza ndiyofunika kuifotokoza momveka bwino: mphamvu yokakamiza ya ulusi wa kaboni ndi yotsika kwambiri kuposa mphamvu yake yokakamiza - chifukwa cha momwe ulusi umayankhira ku microbuckling. Ma MMC samakhala ndi asymmetry imeneyo. Pazigawo zomwe zimayikidwa makamaka mu compression - malo operekera, ma node omangidwa pansi pa axial load, zida zoyikira - izi ndizofunikira kwambiri kuposa manambala a tensile headlines.

Chigamulo:Ma MMC sachita bwino kuposa ulusi wa kaboni pa mphamvu inayake yomangika. Amachita bwino kuposa ulusi wa kaboni pakuphatikiza kutentha, mphamvu yokakamiza, mphamvu zamagetsi, komanso kulimba kwa mphamvu zomwe ntchito zina zimafuna nthawi imodzi. Pamene kapangidwe kake kakufuna chinthu chomwe chimagwira ntchito ngati chitsulo koma chimagwira ntchito pafupi ndi chinthu chapamwamba, ma MMC amadzaza mpata womwe ulusi wa kaboni sunapangidwepo.

Chifukwa Chake Ulusi wa Carbon Umapambanabe Nthawi Zambiri

Palibe chilichonse mwa zomwe zili pamwambapa chomwe chili ndi mfundo yotiulusi wa kabonindi yakale. Kupitiliza kwake kulamulira pa ntchito zapamwamba za kapangidwe kake kukuwonetsa zabwino zenizeni zomwe palibe mdani m'modzi amene watseka.

Njira zopangira ndi gawo lomwe silimatchulidwa kawirikawiri. Ma composites a carbon fiber amapindula ndi zaka makumi ambiri za kukonza njira — njira zoyikira, ma autoclave cycles, njira zowunikira zosawononga, ma protocol okonza, ma database ololedwa kupanga, maunyolo otsimikizika ogulitsa. Mainjiniya omwe amafotokoza gawo la carbon fiber composite mu 2025 ali ndi mwayi wopeza zida zoyeserera, malaibulale amomwe amalephera, ndi njira zoyenerera ogulitsa zomwe sizinalipo pazinthu zambiri zomwe zili pamndandandawu. Chidziwitso chimenecho cha mabungwe chili ndi phindu lenileni la uinjiniya, ndipo sichimasamutsira zokha kuzinthu zatsopano mosasamala kanthu kuti ma coupon oyesera azinthuzo amawoneka abwino bwanji.

Graphene ndi CNTs zidzasintha kwambirizosakaniza za ulusi wa kaboniasanazisinthe. Ulusi wa SiC ndi BNNTs zimathetsa mavuto a kutentha. Ulusi wa kaboni sunapangidwepo kuti uthetsedwe. UHMWPE imathetsa vuto la kulimba kwa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Kapangidwe kake ndi kofanana: palibe chilichonse mwa zinthuzi chomwe chimaposa ulusi wa kaboni. Chilichonse chimachigonjetsa pa mzere winawake pomwe kapangidwe ka ulusi wa kaboni kamakhala kofunikira kwambiri.

Kumene Munda Ukupitadi

Funso lothandiza kwambiri si lakuti ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zilowa m'malo mwakeulusi wa kaboni — ndi momwe zinthuzi zimagwiritsidwira ntchito pamodzi.

Mapanelo opangidwa ndi ulusi wa carbon, utomoni wopangidwa ndi graphene wolimbitsa mphamvu ya interlaminar, komanso kulimbitsa ulusi wa SiC m'malo otentha kwambiri sizinthu zongoganizira chabe. Akukula mwachangu m'mapulogalamu akuluakulu oyendetsa ndege. Lingaliroli - ma composites opangidwa mosiyanasiyana, kapena machitidwe azinthu opangidwa pamlingo wosiyanasiyana nthawi imodzi - akuyimira kusintha kwenikweni kwa momwe zinthu zomangidwa zimafotokozedwera. M'malo mosankha chinthu chimodzi chabwino kwambiri, mainjiniya akuyamba kupanga zinthu zomwe zimagwirizana ndi katundu, kutentha, ndi njira zolephera zomwe gawo lidzazione zikugwira ntchito.

Mafelemu ampikisano — graphene motsutsana ndi ulusi wa kaboni, CNTs motsutsana ndi ulusi wa kaboni — amalephera kuwongolera komwe ukadaulo ukupita. Yankho la "chomwe chili champhamvu kuposa ulusi wa kaboni" likuchulukirachulukira: chophatikiza chomwe chili ndi ulusi wa kaboni ngati chimodzi mwa magawo angapo olimbikitsira, chilichonse chikuthandizira pomwe chimagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri.

Chidule

Ulusi wa kaboni si chinthu champhamvu kwambiri. Ndi chinthu cholimba kwambiri chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa ntchito zosiyanasiyana za kapangidwe kake — ndipo ndi mutu wovuta kuuchotsa kuposa muyeso uliwonse wa magwiridwe antchito.