Nkhani

Kukula kwaunsaturated polyester utomonimankhwala ali ndi mbiri ya zaka 70.Pakanthawi kochepa chonchi, zinthu zopangidwa ndi unsaturated polyester resin zakula mwachangu potengera kutulutsa komanso luso laukadaulo.Popeza zinthu zakale za unsaturated polyester resin zasintha kukhala imodzi mwamitundu yayikulu kwambiri pamakampani opanga utomoni.Pa chitukuko cha unsaturated poliyesitala utomoni, luso zambiri patents mankhwala, magazini malonda, mabuku luso, etc. akutuluka mmodzi pambuyo mzake.Pakadali pano, pali mazana a ma patent opangidwa chaka chilichonse, omwe amakhudzana ndi unsaturated polyester resin.Zitha kuwoneka kuti kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa unsaturated polyester resin wakula kwambiri ndikukula kwa kupanga, ndipo pang'onopang'ono wapanga dongosolo lake lapadera komanso lathunthu laukadaulo wopanga ndi chiphunzitso chogwiritsa ntchito.M'mbuyomu yachitukuko, unsaturated polyester resins wapereka chithandizo chapadera pakugwiritsa ntchito wamba.M'tsogolomu, idzakula mpaka kumadera ena apadera, ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo, mtengo wa ma resin opangidwa ndi cholinga udzachepetsedwa.Zotsatirazi ndi mitundu ina yosangalatsa komanso yodalirika ya polyester yaunsaturated resin, kuphatikiza: utomoni wocheperako, utomoni woletsa moto, utomoni wolimba, utomoni wochepa wa styrene volatilization resin, utomoni wosachita dzimbiri, utomoni wa malaya a gel, utomoni wochiritsa wopepuka Unsaturated polyester resin, zitsulo zotsika mtengo. ndi katundu wapadera, ndi mkulu-ntchito zala mtengo synthesized ndi zatsopano zopangira ndi njira.

1.Low shrinkage resin

Mitundu ya utomoni iyi ikhoza kukhala mutu wakale.Unsaturated polyester utomoni limodzi ndi shrinkage lalikulu pochiritsa, ndi ambiri voliyumu shrinkage mlingo ndi 6-10%.Kutsika uku kumatha kusokoneza kwambiri kapena kung'amba zinthu, osati munjira yophatikizira (SMC, BMC).Pofuna kuthana ndi vutoli, utomoni wa thermoplastic nthawi zambiri umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zowonjezera zocheperako.Patent m'derali idaperekedwa ku DuPont mu 1934, nambala ya patent US 1.945,307.Patent imalongosola copolymerization ya dibasic antelopelic acid ndi vinyl mankhwala.Mwachiwonekere, panthawiyo, patent iyi idachita upangiri wocheperako wocheperako wa utomoni wa polyester.Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, anthu ambiri adzipereka ku maphunziro a machitidwe a copolymer, omwe adatengedwa kuti ndi aloyi apulasitiki.Mu 1966 ma resin otsika a Marco adayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito poumba komanso kupanga mafakitale.

Bungwe la Plastics Industry Association pambuyo pake linatcha mankhwalawa "SMC", kutanthauza kuti mapepala opangira mapepala, ndipo "BMC" yake yotsika kwambiri imatanthawuza kuumba kochuluka.Pamapepala a SMC, nthawi zambiri pamafunika kuti magawo opangidwa ndi utomoni akhale ndi kulolerana kwabwino, kusinthasintha komanso gloss ya A-grade, ndi ming'alu yaying'ono pamtunda iyenera kupewedwa, zomwe zimafuna kuti utomoni wofananira ukhale wocheperako.Zowonadi, ma patent ambiri adasintha ndikuwongolera ukadaulo uwu, ndipo kumvetsetsa kwa njira yochepetsera pang'onopang'ono kwakula pang'onopang'ono, ndipo othandizira otsika kapena otsika kwambiri adatulukira monga momwe nthawi zimafunira.Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mocheperako ndi polystyrene, polymethyl methacrylate ndi zina zotero.

drtgf (1) 2.Flame retardant resin

Nthawi zina zida zowotcha moto zimakhala zofunikira monga kupulumutsa mankhwala, ndipo zida zowotcha moto zimatha kupewa kapena kuchepetsa kuchitika kwa masoka.Ku Europe, chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amafa ndi moto chatsika ndi pafupifupi 20% m'zaka khumi zapitazi chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zoletsa moto.Chitetezo cha zipangizo zowotcha moto ndizofunikanso kwambiri.Ndi njira yapang'onopang'ono komanso yovuta kuyimitsa mtundu wazinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makampani.Pakali pano, European Community ili ndipo ikuchita zowunika zangozi pazambiri za halogen ndi halogen-phosphorous retardant., zambiri zomwe zidzamalizidwa pakati pa 2004 ndi 2006. Pakali pano, dziko lathu limagwiritsa ntchito ma diol okhala ndi chlorine kapena bromine kapena olowa m'malo mwa dibasic acid halogen monga zida zopangira kukonza utomoni wamoto woyaka.Ma halogen retardants amatulutsa utsi wambiri akayaka, ndipo amatsagana ndi kubadwa kwa hydrogen halide yomwe imakwiyitsa kwambiri.Utsi wandiweyani komanso utsi wapoizoni womwe umapangidwa poyaka moto umawononga kwambiri anthu.

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Zoposa 80% za ngozi zamoto zimachitika chifukwa cha izi.Kuipa kwina kogwiritsa ntchito bromine kapena hydrogen-based flame retardants ndikuti mpweya wowononga komanso wowononga chilengedwe udzapangidwa ukawotchedwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuwonongeka kwa zida zamagetsi.Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa inorganic flame retardants monga hydrated alumina, magnesium, canopy, molybdenum mankhwala ndi zina zowonjezera lawi lamoto zimatha kutulutsa utsi wochepa komanso utomoni wochepa wa kawopsedwe wamoto, ngakhale ali ndi zotsatira zoonekeratu za utsi.Komabe, ngati kuchuluka kwa organic flame retardant filler ndikwambiri, sikungowonjezera mamasukidwe a utomoniwo, omwe sangagwirizane ndi zomangamanga, komanso pamene kuchuluka kwa zowonjezera zalawi lamoto kumawonjezedwa ku utomoni, zimakhudza. mphamvu zamakina ndi mphamvu zamagetsi za utomoni pambuyo pochiritsa.

Pakalipano, ma Patent ambiri akunja anena zaukadaulo wogwiritsa ntchito zoletsa moto za phosphorous kuti zipange utomoni wocheperako komanso utsi wochepa wamoto.Phosphorus-based flame retardants ali ndi mphamvu yoletsa moto.The metaphosphoric asidi kwaiye pa kuyaka akhoza polymerized mu khola polima boma, kupanga wosanjikiza zoteteza, kuphimba pamwamba pa kuyaka chinthu, kudzipatula mpweya, kulimbikitsa madzi m`thupi ndi carbonization wa utomoni pamwamba, ndi kupanga carbonized zoteteza filimu.Potero kupewa kuyaka ndi nthawi yomweyo phosphorous ofotokoza lawi retardants Angagwiritsidwenso ntchito molumikizana ndi halogen lawi retardants, amene ali ndi zoonekeratu synergistic kwenikweni.Zoonadi, tsogolo la kafukufuku wa utomoni woletsa moto ndi utsi wochepa, kawopsedwe wochepa komanso mtengo wotsika.Utoto wabwino ndi wopanda utsi, wotsika poizoni, wotsika mtengo, sukhudza utomoni, umakhala ndi mawonekedwe achilengedwe, sufunika kuwonjezera zinthu zina, ndipo ukhoza kupangidwa mwachindunji mufakitale yopanga utomoni.

3.Toughening utomoni

Poyerekeza ndi mitundu yoyambirira ya unsaturated polyester resin, kulimba kwa utomoni komweko kwasintha kwambiri.Komabe, ndi chitukuko cha mafakitale otsika a unsaturated polyester resin, zofunikira zatsopano zimayikidwa patsogolo pakuchita unsaturated resin, makamaka ponena za kulimba.Kuphulika kwa unsaturated resins pambuyo pochiritsidwa kwatsala pang'ono kukhala vuto lalikulu lomwe likulepheretsa kukula kwa unsaturated resins.Kaya ndi chinthu chopangidwa ndi manja chopangidwa ndi manja kapena chopangidwa kapena chilonda, kutalika kwa nthawi yopuma kumakhala chizindikiro chofunikira powunika zamtundu wa utomoni.

Pakadali pano, opanga ena akunja amagwiritsa ntchito njira yowonjezerera utomoni wodzaza kuti ukhale wolimba.Monga kuwonjezera mphira wodzaza ndi poliyesitala, mphira wa styrene-butadiene ndi rabara ya carboxy-terminated (suo-) styrene-butadiene, ndi zina zotero, njirayi ndi ya njira yolimbitsa thupi.Angagwiritsidwenso ntchito kuyambitsa chipika ma polima mu unyolo waukulu wa poliyesitala unsaturated, monga interpenetrating maukonde dongosolo opangidwa ndi unsaturated poliyesitala utomoni ndi epoxy utomoni ndi polyurethane utomoni, amene kwambiri bwino kumakokedwa mphamvu ndi mphamvu mphamvu ya utomoni., njira iyi toughening ndi mankhwala toughening njira.Kuphatikizika kwa kulimbitsa thupi ndi kulimbitsa mankhwala kungagwiritsidwenso ntchito, monga kusakaniza poliyesitala wosasunthika kwambiri ndi zinthu zocheperako kuti mukwaniritse kusinthasintha komwe mukufuna.

Pakalipano, mapepala a SMC akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'makampani a magalimoto chifukwa cha kulemera kwawo, mphamvu zambiri, kukana kwa dzimbiri, komanso kusinthasintha kwa mapangidwe.Pazigawo zofunika monga mapanelo agalimoto, zitseko zakumbuyo, ndi mapanelo akunja, pamafunika kulimba kwabwino, monga mapanelo akunja agalimoto.Alonda amatha kupindika pang'ono ndikubwerera ku mawonekedwe awo oyambirira pambuyo pa kukhudza pang'ono.Kuchulukitsa kulimba kwa utomoni nthawi zambiri kumataya zinthu zina za utomoni, monga kuuma, kusinthasintha kwamphamvu, kukana kutentha, komanso kuthamanga kwa machiritso pakumanga.Kupititsa patsogolo kulimba kwa utomoni popanda kutaya zinthu zina zachibadwa za utomoni wakhala mutu wofunikira pa kafukufuku ndi chitukuko cha unsaturated polyester resins.

4.Low styrene volatile resin

Pokonza unsaturated polyester utomoni, kusakhazikika poizoni styrene adzawononga kwambiri thanzi la ogwira ntchito zomangamanga.Nthawi yomweyo, styrene imatulutsidwa mumlengalenga, zomwe zingayambitsenso kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya.Chifukwa chake, maulamuliro ambiri amachepetsa kuchuluka kovomerezeka kwa styrene mumlengalenga wa msonkhano wopanga.Mwachitsanzo, ku United States, mlingo wake wovomerezeka wovomerezeka (wololedwa kuwonetseredwa) ndi 50ppm, pamene ku Switzerland mtengo wake wa PEL ndi 25ppm, zomwe zili zotsika sizili zophweka kukwaniritsa.Kudalira mpweya wabwino ndi wochepa.Panthawi imodzimodziyo, mpweya wabwino udzatsogolera kutayika kwa styrene kuchokera pamwamba pa mankhwala ndi kuphulika kwa kuchuluka kwa styrene mumlengalenga.Choncho, kuti mupeze njira yochepetsera kuphulika kwa styrene, kuchokera muzu, m'pofunikabe kumaliza ntchitoyi mu chomera chopanga utomoni.Izi zimafuna kupangidwa kwa ma resins otsika a styrene volatility (LSE) omwe samawononga kapena kuwononga mpweya pang'ono, kapena unsaturated polyester resins wopanda styrene monomers.

Kuchepetsa zomwe zili mu ma monomers osakhazikika wakhala mutu womwe udapangidwa ndi makampani akunja a unsaturated polyester resin m'zaka zaposachedwa.Pali njira zambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito panopa: (1) njira yowonjezeramo zoletsa zochepa zowonongeka;(2) kupanga unsaturated polyester resins popanda styrene monomers amagwiritsa divinyl, vinylmethylbenzene, α-methyl Styrene m'malo vinyl monomers okhala styrene monomers;(3) Kapangidwe ka unsaturated polyester resins ndi otsika styrene monomers ndi ntchito monomers pamwamba ndi styrene monomers pamodzi, monga ntchito diallyl phthalate Kugwiritsa ntchito mkulu-kuwira vinilu monomers monga esters ndi akiliriki copolymers ndi styrene monomers: (4) Njira ina kuchepetsa volatilization wa styrene ndi kuyambitsa mayunitsi ena monga dicyclopentadiene ndi zotumphukira zake mu unsaturated polyesters Resin mafupa, kukwaniritsa otsika mamasukidwe akayendedwe, ndipo potsiriza kuchepetsa zili styrene monoma.

Pofunafuna njira yothetsera vuto la styrene volatilization, m'pofunika kuganizira mozama za kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa utomoni ku njira zomwe zilipo monga kupopera mankhwala, ndondomeko ya lamination, SMC akamaumba ndondomeko, mtengo wa zipangizo zopangira mafakitale, ndi kuyanjana ndi dongosolo la resin., utomoni reactivity, mamasukidwe akayendedwe, makina katundu utomoni pambuyo akamaumba, etc. M'dziko langa, palibe malamulo omveka bwino kuletsa volatilization wa styrene.Komabe, ndi kuwongolera kwa moyo wa anthu ndikuwongolera kuzindikira kwa anthu za thanzi lawo komanso chitetezo cha chilengedwe, pangopita nthawi kuti malamulo ofunikira asafunikire kudziko losagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ife.

5.Utomoni wosamva kutu

Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi unsaturated polyester resins ndikukana kwa dzimbiri kuzinthu monga organic solvents, acids, maziko, ndi mchere.Malinga ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa unsaturated unsaturated utomoni utomoni utomoni utomoni utomoni zosagwira utomoni panopa anawagawa m'magulu awa: (1) o-benzene mtundu;(2) mtundu wa iso-benzene;(3) mtundu wa p-benzene;(4) mtundu wa bisphenol A;(5) Mtundu wa vinyl ester;ndi zina monga mtundu wa xylene, mtundu wa halogen wopangidwa ndi halogen, ndi zina zotero. Pambuyo pa zaka makumi ambiri za kufufuza kosalekeza ndi mibadwo ingapo ya asayansi, kuphulika kwa utomoni ndi njira yotetezera dzimbiri zaphunziridwa bwino.Utotowo umasinthidwa ndi njira zosiyanasiyana, monga kuyambitsa mafupa a maselo omwe ndi ovuta kukana dzimbiri mu unsaturated polyester resin, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito poliyesitala wosakanizidwa, vinyl ester ndi isocyanate kuti apange maukonde olumikizana, omwe ndi ofunikira kwambiri pakuwongolera kukana kwa dzimbiri. wa utomoni.Kukaniza kwa dzimbiri ndi kothandiza kwambiri, ndipo utomoni wopangidwa ndi njira yosakanikirana ndi utomoni wa asidi ungathenso kukwaniritsa kukana kwa dzimbiri.

Poyerekeza ndiepoxy resins,kutsika mtengo komanso kukonza kosavuta kwa unsaturated polyester resins kwakhala mwayi waukulu.Malinga ndi akatswiri a unsaturated resin net, kukana kwa dzimbiri kwa unsaturated polyester resin, makamaka kukana kwa alkali, ndikotsika kwambiri poyerekeza ndi utomoni wa epoxy.Sangathe m'malo epoxy utomoni.Pakalipano, kukwera kwa anti-corrosion floor kwabweretsa mwayi ndi zovuta za unsaturated polyester resins.Choncho, chitukuko cha ma resin apadera odana ndi dzimbiri ali ndi chiyembekezo chachikulu.

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6.Gel coat resin

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Chovala cha gel chimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pazinthu zophatikizika.Sizimangogwira ntchito yokongoletsera pamwamba pa zinthu za FRP, komanso zimagwira ntchito yolimbana ndi kuvala, kukana kukalamba komanso kukana kwa mankhwala.Malinga ndi akatswiri a unsaturated unsaturated resin network, njira yopangira unsaturated resin resin ndi kupanga gel coat resin ndi kutsika kwa styrene volatilization, kuyanika kwa mpweya wabwino komanso kukana dzimbiri.Pali msika wawukulu wamalaya a gel osamva kutentha mu resin zojala za gel.Ngati zinthu za FRP zimizidwa m'madzi otentha kwa nthawi yayitali, matuza amawonekera pamwamba.Panthawi imodzimodziyo, chifukwa cha kulowa kwa madzi pang'onopang'ono muzinthu zophatikizika, matuza a pamwamba adzakula pang'onopang'ono.Matuza sangangokhudza Maonekedwe a malaya a gel osakaniza pang'onopang'ono amachepetsa mphamvu za mankhwala.

Cook Composites and Polymers Co. ya Kansas, USA, amagwiritsa ntchito njira za epoxy ndi glycidyl ether-terminated kuti apange utomoni wa malaya a gel okhala ndi kukhuthala kochepa komanso madzi abwino kwambiri komanso kukana zosungunulira.Kuphatikiza apo, kampaniyo imagwiritsanso ntchito polyether polyol-modified and epoxy-terinated resin A (flexible resin) ndi dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) -modified resin B (rigid resin) pawiri, onse omwe ali Pambuyo pakuphatikiza, utomoni wokhala ndi kukana madzi sungathe. khalani ndi kukana kwamadzi kwabwino, komanso khalani ndi kulimba kwabwino ndi mphamvu.Zosungunulira kapena zinthu zina zotsika kwambiri zimalowera muzinthu zamtundu wa FRP kudzera munsanjika ya malaya a gel, kukhala utomoni wosamva madzi wokhala ndi mphamvu zambiri.

7.Kuwala kuchiritsa unsaturated polyester utomoni

Makhalidwe ochiritsa owala a unsaturated polyester resin ndi moyo wautali wamphika komanso kuchiritsa mwachangu.Unsaturated polyester resins amatha kukwaniritsa zofunikira kuti achepetse kusungunuka kwa styrene pochiritsa kuwala.Chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo kwa ma photosensitizers ndi zida zowunikira, maziko opangira ma resin ojambulidwa adayalidwa.Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya polyester yosasunthika yosachiritsika ya UV idapangidwa bwino ndikuyikidwa pakupanga mochulukira.Zinthu zakuthupi, magwiridwe antchito komanso kukana kuvala pamwamba zimasinthidwa, ndipo magwiridwe antchito amapangidwanso bwino pogwiritsa ntchito njirayi.

8.Low-cost resin ndi katundu wapadera

Utoto woterewu umaphatikizapo utomoni wa thovu ndi utomoni wamadzi.Pakalipano, kusowa kwa mphamvu zamatabwa kumakhala ndi chikhalidwe chokwera pamtunda.Palinso kusowa kwa ogwira ntchito aluso omwe amagwira ntchito m'makampani opanga matabwa, ndipo antchitowa akulipidwa kwambiri.Zinthu zotere zimapangitsa kuti mapulasitiki a engineering alowe mumsika wamatabwa.Utoto wopanda thovu wopanda unsaturated ndi utomoni wokhala ndi madzi udzapangidwa ngati matabwa opangira mafakitale chifukwa cha mtengo wake wotsika komanso mphamvu zambiri.Kugwiritsa ntchito kudzakhala pang'onopang'ono pachiyambi, ndiyeno ndikusintha kosalekeza kwaukadaulo waukadaulo, izi zitha kupangidwa mwachangu.

Unsaturated polyester resins amatha kukhala thovu kuti apange utomoni wa thovu womwe ungagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati mapanelo a khoma, zogawa zimbudzi zomwe zidapangidwa kale, ndi zina zambiri.Kulimba ndi mphamvu ya pulasitiki ya thovu ndi unsaturated polyester utomoni monga masanjidwewo ndi bwino kuposa thovu PS;ndikosavuta kukonza kuposa PVC yokhala ndi thovu;mtengo wake ndi wotsika kuposa wa pulasitiki wa polyurethane wopangidwa ndi thovu, ndipo kuwonjezera kwa zoletsa moto kungapangitsenso kuti moto usavutike ndi kukalamba.Ngakhale ukadaulo wogwiritsira ntchito utomoni wapangidwa mokwanira, kugwiritsa ntchito unsaturated polyester resin mumipando sikunaperekedwe chidwi kwambiri.Pambuyo pofufuza, ena opanga utomoni amakhala ndi chidwi chofuna kupanga mtundu watsopanowu.Zina zazikulu (kukopa, kapangidwe ka uchi, kutulutsa thovu kwa gel, kuwongolera mapindikidwe owopsa sizinatheretu bwino asanapange malonda. Mpaka yankho litapezeka, utomoni uwu ungagwiritsidwe ntchito chifukwa chotsika mtengo wake mumakampani amipando. mavutowa amathetsedwa, utomoni umenewu udzagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'madera monga thovu flame retardant zipangizo osati ntchito chuma chake.

Madzi okhala ndi unsaturated polyester resins amatha kugawidwa m'mitundu iwiri: mtundu wosungunuka m'madzi ndi mtundu wa emulsion.Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1960 kunja, pakhala pali ma patent ndi malipoti a mabuku m’derali.Utoto wokhala ndi madzi ndikuwonjezera madzi ngati chodzaza ndi unsaturated polyester resin mu resin pamaso pa gel osakaniza, ndipo madzi amatha kukhala okwera mpaka 50%.Utoto woterewu umatchedwa WEP resin.Utoto umakhala ndi mawonekedwe otsika mtengo, kulemera kopepuka pambuyo pochiritsa, kuchedwa kwamoto kwabwino komanso kuchepa pang'ono.Kukula ndi kafukufuku wa utomoni wokhala ndi madzi m'dziko langa unayamba m'ma 1980, ndipo pakhala nthawi yayitali.Pankhani yogwiritsira ntchito, yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nangula.Aqueous unsaturated polyester resin ndi mtundu watsopano wa UPR.Zipangizo zamakono mu labotale zikukula kwambiri, koma pali kafukufuku wochepa pakugwiritsa ntchito.Mavuto omwe akuyenera kuthetsedwanso ndi kukhazikika kwa emulsion, mavuto ena pakuchiritsa ndi kuumba, komanso vuto la kuvomereza kwamakasitomala.Nthawi zambiri, utomoni wa matani 10,000 wa poliyesitala umatulutsa pafupifupi matani 600 amadzi oyipa chaka chilichonse.Ngati shrinkage yomwe imapangidwa popanga unsaturated polyester resin imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga utomoni wokhala ndi madzi, imachepetsa mtengo wa utomoni ndikuthana ndi vuto lopanga kuteteza chilengedwe.

Timachita zinthu zotsatirazi: unsaturated polyester utomoni;vinyl utomoni;gel osakaniza utomoni;epoxy utomoni.

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