nkhani

1 Ntchito Yaikulu

1.1Twistless Roving

Kuyenda kosapindika komwe anthu amakumana nako m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku kumakhala kophweka ndipo kumapangidwa ndi ma monofilaments ofanana omwe amasonkhanitsidwa m'mitolo.Kuyenda kosapindika kumatha kugawidwa m'mitundu iwiri: yopanda alkali ndi sing'anga-alkali, yomwe imasiyanitsidwa makamaka ndi kusiyana kwa magalasi.Kuti apange magalasi oyenerera, makulidwe a ulusi wamagalasi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ayenera kukhala pakati pa 12 ndi 23 μm.Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake, amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwachindunji popanga zinthu zina zophatikizika, monga mafunde ndi ma pultrusion.Ndipo imathanso kulukidwa munsalu zozungulira, makamaka chifukwa cha kulimba kwake kofanana.Kuphatikiza apo, gawo logwiritsira ntchito roving lodulidwa ndilotakasuka kwambiri.

1.1.1Kuyenda mopanda ma twists kwa jetting

Pakuumba kwa jekeseni wa FRP, kuyendayenda kosasunthika kuyenera kukhala ndi izi:

(1) Popeza kudula kosalekeza kumafunika pakupanga, m'pofunika kuonetsetsa kuti magetsi osasunthika amapangidwa panthawi yodula, zomwe zimafuna ntchito yabwino yodula.

(2) Akadula, silika waiwisi wochuluka amatsimikizika kuti apangidwa, kotero kuti kupanga silika kumatsimikizika kukhala kokwezeka.Kuthekera kobalalitsa kozungulira mu zingwe mukadula ndikokwera.

(3) Akadulidwa, kuonetsetsa kuti ulusi waiwisi ukhoza kukwiririka pa nkhungu, ulusi waiwisiwo uyenera kukhala ndi zokutira bwino za filimu.

(4) Chifukwa zimafunika kuti zikhale zosavuta kugubuduza lathyathyathya kuti atulutse thovu la mpweya, pamafunika kulowa utomoni mofulumira kwambiri.

(5) Chifukwa cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mfuti zopopera zosiyanasiyana, kuti zigwirizane ndi mfuti zopopera zosiyanasiyana, onetsetsani kuti makulidwe a waya waiwisi ndi wapakati.

1.1.2Twistless Roving kwa SMC

SMC, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti ma sheet opangira ma sheet, imatha kuwoneka kulikonse m'moyo, monga zida zodziwika bwino zamagalimoto, mabafa ndi mipando yosiyanasiyana yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito SMC roving.Pakupanga, pali zofunika zambiri pakuyenda kwa SMC.Ndikofunikira kuwonetsetsa kung'ambika kwabwino, katundu wabwino wotsutsa static, komanso ubweya wocheperako kuti muwonetsetse kuti pepala la SMC lopangidwa ndi loyenerera.Kwa SMC yamitundu, zofunika pakuyendayenda ndizosiyana, ndipo kuyenera kukhala kosavuta kulowa mu utomoni ndi zomwe zili ndi pigment.Nthawi zambiri, fiberglass wamba SMC roving ndi 2400tex, ndipo palinso zochitika zingapo pomwe ndi 4800tex.

1.1.3Kuyenda kosapindika kokhotakhota

Pofuna kupanga mapaipi a FRP okhala ndi makulidwe osiyanasiyana, njira yokhotakhota ya thanki yosungira idayamba.Pakuyendayenda kokhotakhota, kuyenera kukhala ndi makhalidwe awa.

(1) Iyenera kukhala yophweka kujambula, kawirikawiri mu mawonekedwe a tepi lathyathyathya.

(2) Popeza kuti ng’anjo yosapindika nthawi zambiri imatuluka m’chindunji ikachotsedwa pa bobbin, kuyenera kutsimikizirika kuti kuwonongeka kwake kuli kwabwino ndithu, ndipo silika wotulukapo sangakhale wonyansa ngati chisa cha mbalame.

(3) Kuthamanga sikungakhale kwakukulu kapena kochepa, ndipo chodabwitsa cha overhang sichingachitike.

(4) Chofunikira cha kachulukidwe kakang'ono pakuyenda kosapindika chiyenera kukhala chofanana komanso chocheperapo mtengo womwe watchulidwa.

(5) Pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti ndizosavuta kunyowa podutsa mu thanki ya resin, kutsekemera kwa roving kumafunika kukhala kwabwino.

1.1.4Kuyenda kwa pultrusion

Njira ya pultrusion imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga mbiri zosiyanasiyana zokhala ndi magawo osiyanasiyana.Kuzungulira kwa pultrusion kuyenera kuwonetsetsa kuti magalasi ake okhala ndi fiber fiber komanso mphamvu zamtundu uliwonse zili pamlingo wapamwamba.Kuzungulira kwa pultrusion komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ndi kuphatikiza kwa zingwe zingapo za silika yaiwisi yaiwisi, ndipo zina zitha kukhala zokhotakhota molunjika, zonse zomwe ndizotheka.Zofunikira zake zina zogwirira ntchito ndizofanana ndi zokhotakhota.

1.1.5 Twistless Roving for Weaving

M'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, timawona nsalu za gingham zokhala ndi makulidwe osiyanasiyana kapena nsalu zozungulira molunjika mbali imodzi, zomwe ndi chithunzi cha ntchito ina yofunika kwambiri ya roving, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito poluka.Kuzungulira komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kumatchedwanso roving poluka.Zambiri mwansaluzi zimawunikidwa pamanja pa FRP.Pakuluka rovings, zofunika zotsatirazi ziyenera kukwaniritsidwa:

(1) Simamva kuvala.

(2) Yosavuta kujambula.

(3) Popeza nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito poluka, payenera kukhala poyanikapo musanawombe.

(4) Pankhani ya kukangana, zimatsimikiziridwa makamaka kuti sizingakhale zazikulu kapena zazing'ono mwadzidzidzi, ndipo ziyenera kusungidwa mofanana.Ndipo kwaniritsani zina mwazinthu za overhang.

(5) Kunyozeka ndikwabwinoko.

(6) Ndikosavuta kulowetsedwa ndi utomoni podutsa mu thanki ya utomoni, kotero kuti permeability iyenera kukhala yabwino.

1.1.6 Kuyenda mopanda ma twistless kwa preform

Zomwe zimatchedwa preform process, nthawi zambiri zimapangidwira, ndipo mankhwalawa amapezedwa pambuyo pa njira zoyenera.Popanga, timadula kachipangizo kameneka, ndikupopera ukonde wodulidwawo, pomwe ukonde uyenera kukhala ukonde wokhala ndi mawonekedwe okonzedweratu.Kenako utani utomoni mawonekedwe.Pomaliza, chopangidwa chopangidwacho chimayikidwa mu nkhungu, ndipo utomoniwo amabayidwa ndikuupanikiza ndi kutentha kuti upeze mankhwalawo.Zofunikira pakuchita ma preform rovings ndizofanana ndi za jet rovings.

1.2 Galasi fiber roving nsalu

Pali nsalu zambiri zoyendayenda, ndipo gingham ndi imodzi mwa izo.Munjira ya FRP yoyika manja, gingham imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati gawo lofunikira kwambiri.Ngati mukufuna kuwonjezera mphamvu ya gingham, ndiye kuti muyenera kusintha njira ya warp ndi weft ya nsalu, yomwe imatha kusandulika kukhala gingham unidirectional.Pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti nsalu ya checkered ikhale yabwino, zizindikiro zotsatirazi ziyenera kutsimikiziridwa.

(1) Kwa nsaluyi, imayenera kukhala yosalala yonse, yopanda ziphuphu, m'mphepete mwake ndi ngodya ziyenera kukhala zowongoka, ndipo pasakhale zizindikiro zonyansa.

(2) Kutalika, m'lifupi, khalidwe, kulemera ndi kachulukidwe ka nsalu ziyenera kukwaniritsa miyezo ina.

(3) Magalasi a fiber fiber ayenera kukulungidwa bwino.

(4) Kutha kulowetsedwa mwachangu ndi utomoni.

(5) Kuuma ndi chinyezi cha nsalu zolukidwa muzinthu zosiyanasiyana ziyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira zina.

1.3 Glass fiber mat

1.3.1Wodulidwa chingwe mphasa

Choyamba kuwaza galasi zingwe ndi kuwaza iwo pa okonzeka mauna lamba.Ndiye kuwaza chomangira pa izo, kutentha izo kusungunuka, ndiyeno kuziziziritsa izo kulimbitsa, ndipo akanadulidwa strand mphasa anapanga.Makasi odulidwa a ulusi amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyika manja komanso poluka zingwe za SMC.Kuti mukwaniritse ntchito yabwino kwambiri ya strand strand mat, popanga, zofunikira za strand strand mat ndi izi.

(1) Mphasa yonse yodulidwa ndi yosalala komanso yosalala.

(2) Mabowo a mphasa wodulidwa ndi ang'onoang'ono komanso ofanana kukula kwake

(4) Muzitsatira mfundo zinazake.

(5) Itha kukhutitsidwa mwachangu ndi utomoni.

1.3.2 Mphasa yazingwe yosalekeza

Zingwe zagalasi zimayikidwa pansi pa lamba wa mesh malinga ndi zofunikira zina.Nthawi zambiri, anthu amanena kuti ayenera kuikidwa pansi pa chithunzi cha 8. Kenaka perekani zomatira za ufa pamwamba ndi kutentha kuti muchiritse.Makatani osalekeza ndi apamwamba kwambiri kuposa mphasa zodulidwa polimbitsa zinthu zophatikizika, makamaka chifukwa ulusi wagalasi mumipasa yazingwe yopitilira ndi yopitilira.Chifukwa cha mphamvu zake zowonjezera, zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana.

1.3.3Surface Mat

Kuyika kwa matiti apamwamba kumakhalanso kofala m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, monga utomoni wosanjikiza wa zinthu za FRP, zomwe ndi magalasi apakatikati a alkali.Tengani FRP mwachitsanzo, chifukwa mphasa yake yapamtunda imapangidwa ndi galasi lapakati lamchere, imapangitsa FRP kukhala yokhazikika pamakina.Panthawi imodzimodziyo, chifukwa mat pamwamba ndi opepuka kwambiri komanso owonda kwambiri, amatha kuyamwa utomoni wochulukirapo, womwe sungakhale woteteza komanso umagwira ntchito yokongola.

1.3.4Mpanda wa singano

mphasa singano makamaka anawagawa m'magulu awiri, gulu loyamba akanadulidwa CHIKWANGWANI singano kukhomerera.Kapangidwe kake kamakhala kosavuta, choyamba kuwaza ulusi wagalasi, kukula kwake ndi pafupifupi 5 cm, kuwaza mwachisawawa pazinthu zoyambira, kenako ikani gawo lapansi pa lamba wotumizira, kenako kubaya gawolo ndi singano ya crochet, chifukwa cha zotsatira za singano ya crochet, Ulusiwo amapyozedwa mu gawo lapansi ndiyeno amakwiya kuti apange mawonekedwe azithunzi zitatu.Gawo laling'ono losankhidwa limakhalanso ndi zofunikira zina ndipo liyenera kukhala lomveka bwino.Zogulitsa za singano zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakutchinjiriza mawu komanso zida zoziziritsa kutenthetsa kutengera zomwe zili.Zachidziwikire, zitha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito mu FRP, koma sizinatchulidwe chifukwa chopezekacho chimakhala ndi mphamvu zochepa ndipo chimatha kusweka.Mtundu winawo umatchedwa mosalekeza ulusi wokhomeredwa ndi singano, ndipo kupanga kwake ndikosavuta.Choyamba, filament imaponyedwa mwachisawawa pa lamba wa mauna okonzekeratu ndi chipangizo choponyera waya.Mofananamo, singano ya crochet imatengedwa kuti ikhale yopangidwa ndi acupuncture kuti ikhale yamitundu itatu.M'magalasi opangira ma thermoplastics, mikombero ya singano yosalekeza imagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino.

1.3.5Zosokedwamat

Ulusi wagalasi wodulidwa ukhoza kusinthidwa kukhala mawonekedwe awiri osiyana mkati mwa utali wina wake kupyolera mu kusokera kwa makina opangira stitchbonding.Choyamba ndi kukhala mphasa wodulidwa, umene umalowa m'malo mwa mphasa wodulidwa wodulidwa.Yachiwiri ndi mphasa zazitali zazitali, zomwe zimalowa m'malo mwa mphasa wansanje wopitirira.Mitundu iwiriyi ili ndi ubwino wofanana.Sagwiritsa ntchito zomatira popanga, kupeŵa kuipitsa ndi kuwononga, komanso kukhutiritsa zofuna za anthu za kusunga chuma ndi kuteteza chilengedwe.

1.4 Milled fibers

Njira yopangira ulusi wapansi ndi yosavuta.Tengani mphero ya nyundo kapena mphero ndikuyikamo ulusi wodulidwa.Ulusi wopera ndi kupera ulinso ndi ntchito zambiri popanga.Pochita jekeseni, ulusi wa milled umakhala ngati kulimbikitsa, ndipo ntchito yake imakhala yabwino kwambiri kuposa ya ulusi wina.Pofuna kupewa ming'alu ndikusintha kucheperako popanga zinthu zotayidwa ndi zoumbidwa, ulusi wa milled ukhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zodzaza.

1.5 Nsalu ya fiberglass

1.5.1Nsalu yagalasi

Ndi mtundu wa nsalu ya galasi fiber.Nsalu yagalasi yopangidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana imakhala ndi miyezo yosiyana.M'munda wa nsalu zamagalasi m'dziko langa, zimagawidwa m'mitundu iwiri: nsalu yagalasi yopanda alkali ndi nsalu ya galasi ya alkali.Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa nsalu zagalasi kunganenedwe kuti ndi kochuluka kwambiri, ndipo thupi la galimotoyo, hull, thanki yosungiramo wamba, ndi zina zotero zikhoza kuwoneka mu chithunzi cha nsalu zagalasi zopanda alkali.Pansalu yagalasi ya alkali yapakatikati, kukana kwake kwa dzimbiri ndikwabwinoko, kotero kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zinthu zonyamula ndi zolimbana ndi dzimbiri.Kuweruza makhalidwe a galasi CHIKWANGWANI nsalu, m'pofunika makamaka kuyambira mbali zinayi, katundu CHIKWANGWANI palokha, kapangidwe ka galasi CHIKWANGWANI ulusi, njira warp ndi weft ndi chitsanzo nsalu.Mu njira ya warp ndi weft, kachulukidwe kameneka kamadalira maonekedwe osiyanasiyana a ulusi ndi chitsanzo cha nsalu.Maonekedwe a nsaluyo amadalira kachulukidwe kakakulu ndi kachulukidwe ka ulusi wa galasi.

1.5.2 Riboni ya Galasi

Riboni yagalasi imagawidwa m'magulu awiri, mtundu woyamba ndi selvedge, mtundu wachiwiri ndi selvedge yopanda nsalu, yomwe imalukidwa molingana ndi njira yokhotakhota.Ma riboni agalasi amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zamagetsi zomwe zimafunikira ma dielectric apamwamba.Zida zamagetsi zamphamvu kwambiri.

1.5.3 Unidirectional nsalu

Nsalu zopanda unidirectional m'moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku zimapangidwa kuchokera ku zingwe ziwiri za makulidwe osiyanasiyana, ndipo nsalu zomwe zimapangidwira zimakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri panjira yayikulu.

1.5.4 Nsalu zitatu-dimensional

Nsalu zitatu-dimensional ndizosiyana ndi mawonekedwe a nsalu ya ndege, ndi katatu, kotero zotsatira zake zimakhala bwino kuposa ulusi wa ndege.Zinthu zophatikizika zamitundu itatu zolimbitsa ulusi zili ndi zabwino zomwe zida zina zophatikiziridwa ndi fiber zilibe.Chifukwa CHIKWANGWANI ndi cha mbali zitatu, zotsatira zake zonse ndi zabwinoko, ndipo kukana kuwonongeka kumakhala kolimba.Ndi chitukuko cha sayansi ndi zamakono, kufunikira kowonjezereka kwa ndege, magalimoto ndi sitima zapamadzi kwapangitsa kuti lusoli likhale lokhwima, ndipo tsopano likukhala ndi malo ochita masewera ndi zida zachipatala.Mitundu ya nsalu yamitundu itatu imagawidwa makamaka m'magulu asanu, ndipo pali mawonekedwe ambiri.Zitha kuwoneka kuti danga lachitukuko la nsalu zitatu-dimensional ndi lalikulu.

1.5.5 Nsalu zooneka

Nsalu zowoneka bwino zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kulimbikitsa zida zophatikizika, ndipo mawonekedwe ake amadalira makamaka mawonekedwe a chinthucho kuti chilimbikitsidwe, ndipo, kuti zitsimikizidwe kuti zikutsatira, ziyenera kupangidwa pamakina odzipereka.Popanga, titha kupanga ma symmetrical kapena asymmetrical mawonekedwe okhala ndi malire otsika komanso chiyembekezo chabwino.

1.5.6 Nsalu yapakati pa Grooved

Kupanga nsalu yapakati pa groove ndikosavuta.Nsalu ziwiri za nsalu zimayikidwa mofanana, ndiyeno zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi mipiringidzo yowongoka, ndipo madera awo ozungulira amatsimikiziridwa kukhala makona atatu kapena makona.

1.5.7 Nsalu zosokedwa ndi Fiberglass

Ndi nsalu yapadera kwambiri, anthu amachitchanso mphasa wolukidwa ndi mphasa, koma si nsalu ndi mphasa monga tikudziwira mwachizolowezi.Ndikoyenera kutchula kuti pali nsalu yosokedwa, yomwe siinalukidwe pamodzi ndi warp ndi weft, koma imadutsana ndi warp ndi weft.:

1.5.8 Fiberglass insulating sleeve

Njira yopanga ndi yosavuta.Choyamba, amasankha ulusi wina wa magalasi, kenako amalukidwa ngati tubular.Kenako, molingana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kalasi yotchinjiriza, zinthu zomwe mukufuna zimapangidwa pozipaka ndi utomoni.

1.6 Glass fiber kuphatikiza

Ndi chitukuko chofulumira cha ziwonetsero za sayansi ndi ukadaulo, ukadaulo wamagalasi wapita patsogolo kwambiri, ndipo zida zosiyanasiyana zamagalasi zakhala zikuwonekera kuyambira 1970 mpaka pano.Kawirikawiri pali zotsatirazi:

(1) Mphasa yazingwe yodulidwa + yozungulira yosapindika + yoduladula

(2) Nsalu yozungulira yosapindika + mphasa woduladula

(3) Mphasa yazingwe yodulidwa + mphasa yazingwe yosalekeza + mphasa yazingwe yoduladula

(4) Kuzunguliridwa mwachisawawa + chodulidwa choyezera choyambira mat

(5) Unidirectional mpweya CHIKWANGWANI + akanadulidwa strand mphasa kapena nsalu

(6) mphasa pamwamba + zingwe zoduladula

(7) Nsalu yagalasi + galasi ndodo yopyapyala kapena unidirectional roving + galasi nsalu

1.7 Nsalu yagalasi yopanda nsalu

Ukadaulo uwu sunapezeke koyamba m'dziko langa.Ukadaulo wakale kwambiri udapangidwa ku Europe.Pambuyo pake, chifukwa cha kusamuka kwa anthu, lusoli linabweretsedwa ku United States, South Korea ndi mayiko ena.Pofuna kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha makampani opanga magalasi, dziko langa lakhazikitsa mafakitale akuluakulu angapo ndipo adayika ndalama zambiri pokhazikitsa mizere yambiri yopangira zinthu zapamwamba..M'dziko langa, mphasa zoyala zonyowa zamagalasi zimagawidwa m'magulu awa:

(1) Mphasa zofolera zimathandizira kwambiri kuwongolera magwiridwe antchito a phula ndi ma shingles amitundu, kuwapangitsa kukhala abwino kwambiri.

(2) Chipaipi: Monga dzina, mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamapaipi.Chifukwa ulusi wagalasi suchita dzimbiri, umatha kuteteza payipi kuti lisawonongeke.

(3) Makatani apamwamba amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamwamba pa zinthu za FRP kuti ateteze.

(4) Mpweya wa veneer umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pomanga makoma ndi denga chifukwa umatha kuteteza utoto kuti usang’ambe.Zitha kupangitsa kuti makomawo akhale athyathyathya komanso osafunikira kukonzedwa kwa zaka zambiri.

(5) Phasa la pansi limagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ngati zoyambira pansi pa PVC

(6) mphasa;ngati zinthu zoyambira mu makapeti.

(7) Chovala chotchinga chamkuwa chomwe chimalumikizidwa ndi laminate yamkuwa imatha kupititsa patsogolo kubowola ndi kubowola.

2 Kugwiritsa ntchito mwapadera kwa magalasi fiber

2.1 Kulimbikitsa mfundo ya galasi CHIKWANGWANI analimbitsa konkire

Mfundo ya konkriti yolimbitsa magalasi ndi yofanana kwambiri ndi zida zophatikizika zamagalasi.Choyamba, kuwonjezera ulusi wa galasi ku konkire, galasi la galasi lidzanyamula kupsinjika kwa mkati mwazinthuzo, kuti achedwetse kapena kupewa kufalikira kwa ming'alu yaying'ono.Pakupanga ming'alu ya konkriti, zinthu zomwe zimagwira ntchito ngati zophatikizika zimalepheretsa kuchitika kwa ming'alu.Ngati kuphatikizikako kuli bwino mokwanira, ming'aluyo sichitha kukulirakulira ndikulowa.Udindo wa galasi CHIKWANGWANI mu konkire ndi akaphatikiza, amene angathe kuteteza m'badwo ndi kukulitsa ming'alu.Mng'aluyo ukafalikira pafupi ndi ulusi wagalasi, ulusi wagalasiwo udzatsekereza kupita patsogolo kwa ming'alu, motero kukakamiza mng'aluyo kuti ukhote, ndipo mofananamo, malo okulirapo a mng'aluwo adzawonjezeka, kotero mphamvu yofunikira chiwonongeko chidzawonjezekanso.

2.2 Kuwonongeka kwa magalasi opangidwa ndi konkriti

Chingwe chagalasi chisanayambe kusweka, mphamvu yomwe imanyamula imagawidwa kwambiri ndi konkriti ndi ulusi wagalasi.Panthawi yophwanyidwa, kupanikizika kumaperekedwa kuchokera ku konkire kupita ku magalasi oyandikana nawo.Ngati mphamvu yamakokedwe ipitilira kuwonjezeka, ulusi wagalasi udzawonongeka, ndipo njira zowonongeka ndizowonongeka kwambiri, kuwononga kupsinjika, ndi kuwonongeka kwa kukoka.

2.2.1 Kumeta ubweya wa ubweya

Kupsinjika kwa kukameta ubweya wopangidwa ndi magalasi opangidwa ndi konkriti konkriti kumagawidwa ndi ulusi wagalasi ndi konkire, ndipo kupsinjika kwa kukameta ubweya kumaperekedwa ku ulusi wagalasi kudzera mu konkriti, kotero kuti kapangidwe ka galasi kamene kamawonongeka.Komabe, ulusi wagalasi uli ndi zabwino zake.Ili ndi utali wautali komanso malo ang'onoang'ono okana kukameta ubweya, kotero kuwongolera kwa kukameta ubweya wa galasi fiber kumakhala kofooka.

2.2.2 Kulephera kwamphamvu

Pamene mphamvu yamagetsi ya galasi imakhala yaikulu kuposa mlingo wina, galasi la galasi lidzasweka.Ngati konkriti iphwanyidwa, ulusi wagalasi umakhala wautali kwambiri chifukwa cha kusinthika kwamphamvu, voliyumu yake yotsalira imachepa, ndipo mphamvu yamanjenje imasweka mwachangu.

2.2.3 Kuwonongeka kwapang'onopang'ono

Konkire ikathyoka, mphamvu yamagetsi ya galasi idzakulitsidwa kwambiri, ndipo mphamvu yowonongeka idzakhala yaikulu kuposa mphamvu pakati pa galasi la galasi ndi konkire, kotero kuti galasi la galasi lidzawonongeka ndiyeno lidzachotsedwa.

2.3 Flexural katundu wa galasi CHIKWANGWANI analimbitsa konkire

Konkire yolimbikitsidwa ikanyamula katundu, mayendedwe ake opanikizika amagawidwa m'magawo atatu osiyanasiyana kuchokera kusanthula kwamakina, monga momwe tawonetsera pachithunzichi.Gawo loyamba: kusinthika kwa zotanuka kumachitika koyamba mpaka mng'alu woyambirira uchitika.Chofunikira kwambiri pagawoli ndikuti mapindikidwe amawonjezeka motsatana mpaka mfundo A, yomwe imayimira mphamvu yoyamba ya mng'alu wa konkriti wokhazikika wagalasi.Gawo lachiwiri: pomwe konkire imang'ambika, katundu amene amanyamula adzasamutsidwa ku ulusi woyandikana nawo kuti anyamule, ndipo mphamvu yobereka imatsimikiziridwa molingana ndi galasi la galasi lokha ndi mphamvu yogwirizanitsa ndi konkire.Point B ndiye mphamvu yayikulu yosinthika ya konkriti yolimba yagalasi.Gawo lachitatu: kufika ku mphamvu yomaliza, ulusi wagalasi umasweka kapena kuchotsedwa, ndipo ulusi wotsalirawo ukhoza kunyamula mbali ya katunduyo kuti zitsimikizire kuti fracture ya brittle sichitika.

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